The Montreux agreements mark a concrete step toward stabilizing eastern Congo, even as violence persists on the ground. The Congolese army reported attacks on civilian areas in South Kivu shortly after the deal was signed, and humanitarian access in the highlands remains severely restricted. These realities underscore why formal agreements and verification mechanisms are essential to enforce commitments and begin reducing civilian suffering.
The Switzerland talks produced a ceasefire framework, a verification mechanism and humanitarian commitments, but implementation remains one-sided as Kinshasa has yet to match AFC/M23 prisoner releases. While over 5,000 captured soldiers were freed as a goodwill gesture, the continued absence of any reciprocal step raises doubts about the government’s commitment, putting the process at risk despite clear signs of formal progress and momentum.
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